ãŽãŒãžã£ã¹â
ãšããã©ã€
[å¿åãã]
ãªã«ããŠã·ãããããã®ãã·ããŠãã®ïŒ
[å¿åãã]
ç¹°ãè¿ãç³»ãšãã¢ã¬ãªãã§ããïŒ
蟺çïŒãžãããããªã³ããã©ãã³èª: limbusãè±: LimboïŒã¯ãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã«ãããŠãå眪ã®ãã¡ã«ïŒããªãã¡æŽç€Œã®æµã¿ãåããªããŸãŸïŒæ»ãã ããæ°žé ã®å°çã«å®ããããŠã¯ããªã人éããæ»åŸã«è¡ãçãããšäŒçµ±çã«èããããŠããå Žæã®ããšãäžäžã®è¥¿æ¹æäŒã®ç¥åŠè
ãã¡ãæ»åŸã®äžçã«ã€ããŠèããéã«åãããããã®ã§ããããããå°çãããç
çããšæ··åãããããšããããããããšã¯ç°ãªããã®ã§ãããã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ããæ»åŸåŸ©æŽ»ãŸã§ã®éã«ãšã©ãŸã£ãå ŽæïŒç¶ç¥ã®èŸºçïŒãããã³æŽç€Œãåããåã«æ»äº¡ãã幌å
ãè¡ãå ŽæïŒå¹Œå
ã®èŸºçïŒãšèããããŠããã
蟺çã¯ãèæžã«ã¯ãã¡ããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®ã«ãããºã ã«ãæ確ã«æžãããŠããªããããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®å
¬åŒæ矩ã§ã¯ãªããç¥åŠäžã®èãããã仮説ããšããŠæ®ãããŠããã
å称ã»æŠå¿µ
"Limbus" ã¯ãåšèŸºã»ç«¯ããæå³ããã©ãã³èªã§ãããå矩ã¯å°çã®ãåšèŸºéšãã§ããã
[å¿åãã]
ã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ãïŒå€ä»£ã®ãªã·ã¢èª: ÎηÏÎ¿á¿ŠÏ Î§ÏιÏÏÏÏ[泚 1]ãããã©ã€èª: ×ש××¢â[泚 2]ã ã©ãã³èª: Jesus Christus[泚 3]ã挢åïŒè¶èåºç£[1]ãŸãã¯è¶è[2]ïŒæ¥æ¬èªèªã¿:ãã[3][4]ïŒãäŒïŒçŽå
åŸ1幎 - çŽå
åŸ33幎[泚 4]ïŒã¯ãã®ãªã·ã¢èªã§ãããªã¹ãã§ããã€ãšã¹ãããŸãã¯ãã€ãšã¹ã¯ããªã¹ãã§ããããšããæå³ããªããã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ããããªã¹ãæãåµå§ãããšããã人ç©ã§ããæãæããã®ã¯äºå®ã§ãããæ¬é
ã§ã¯ããã¶ã¬ã®ã€ãšã¹ã«ã€ããŠã®ããªã¹ãæã«ããã芳ç¹ãšãã®ä»ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãã
æãã®æºæ³ã®ãæ掟å¥å¯Ÿç
§è¡š
西æ¹æäŒ æ±æ¹æäŒ
ã«ããªãã¯æäŒ èå
¬äŒ ãããã¹ã¿ã³ã[泚é 28] æ£æäŒ
èæžã¯èäŒã«ãããŠè§£éã»ç解ãããã¹ãã§ãã èæžã»äŒçµ±ã»çæ§ã®äžæ¬æ±ã倧åã«ãã â èæžã®ã¿
â èæžã®ã»ãã«ãäŒçµ±ãèªãã
以äžäºé¡åã®æ··åš èäŒã®äžã«èæžãå«ãŸããèæžã¯èäŒã®äžã§ç¬¬äžã®äœçœ®ãå ãã[59][泚é 29]ã
[å¿åãã]
ããªã¹ãæ
åœã»å°å äžççã«ä¿¡ä»°ããã
ä¿¡è
æ° 23å8200äžäºº (2020幎)[1]
æç«å¹Ž 1äžçŽ[2]
åµå§è
ãã¶ã¬ã®ã€ãšã¹[3]
信仰察象 äžäœäžäœ
èå
ž æ§çŽèæž/ããã©ã€èªèæž[3]
æ°çŽèæž[3]
æ¯äœ ãŠãã€æ[2][4]
å®æŽŸ ããªã¹ãæè«žæ掟ã®äžèŠ§
äž»ãªæå°è
æçïŒã«ããªãã¯æäŒïŒ
èå° ãšã«ãµã¬ã
ããã«ã³ã®æ ããã«ã³
çºç¥¥å° ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«[2]
æ矩
ãæ矩ããåç
§
åè äžçå®æã®ã²ãšã€
ããªã¹ãæïŒããªã¹ãããããã®ãªã·ã¢èª: ΧÏιÏÏιαΜιÏÎŒÏÏ[泚é 1]ãã©ãã³èª: Christianitas[5]ãè±èª: ChristianityïŒã¯ãã€ãšã¹ãæãäž»ïŒããªã¹ããã¡ã·ã¢ïŒãšããŠä¿¡ä»°ããå®æ[6][7]ãããªã¹ãæã§ã¯ãã€ãšã¹ãç¥ã®åœã®çŠé³ã説ãã眪ãã人éãææžããããã«èªãååæ¶ã«ããããã埩掻ãããã®ãšä¿¡ãã[7]ãã»ãšãã©ã®ããªã¹ãæ掟[泚é 2]ã¯ããç¶ãªãç¥ã[泚é 3]ãšããã®åããªã¹ãã[泚é 4]ãšãèéããå¯äžã®ç¥ïŒãäžäœäžäœã[泚é 5]ïŒãšããŠä¿¡ä»°ãããåºç£æãšãè¡šèšããã[16]ã
2020幎æç¹ã§ãäžçã«ãããä¿¡è
æ°ïŒããªã¹ãæåŸïŒã¯23å8200äžäººã»ã©ã§ãäžç人å£ã«å ããæ¯çã¯çŽ31%ã§ããå
šãŠã®å®æã®äžã§æãå€ã[1]ãã€ã¹ã©ã æãä»æãšäžŠã¶äžçäžå€§å®æã®äžã€ã§ããã
[å¿åãã]
ãã¶ã¬ã®ã€ãšã¹ïŒå€å
žã®ãªã·ã¢èªïŒáŒžÎ·ÏÎ¿á¿ŠÏ áœ ÎαζαÏηΜÏÏãIÄsÅ«s ho NazarÄnosã, å€å
žã©ãã³èªïŒIesus Nazarenus, çŽå
å6幎ããçŽå
å4幎é [* 1] - çŽå
åŸ30幎é [1]ïŒã¯ãçŽå
1äžçŽã«ãã¬ã¹ããã®ãŠãã€ã®å°ããšãããã¬ãªã©ã€åšèŸºã§æŽ»åãããšèããããŠãã[9]人ç©ã§ãããå°é家ã®çšèªãšããŠå²çã€ãšã¹ (è±èªïŒhistorical Jesus) ãšãèšã[10]ã
ããªã¹ãæãã€ã¹ã©ã æçã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãäžããã
人éã¯å¹³åã®ç¥ã®åãšããŠå¹³çã§ããããš[11]ãç¥ã¯ç¶ãªãç¥ã§ããããšããŸãã倪éœãééšãªã©ã®ç°å¢ãæŽããŠããŠã人éãã¯ããé³¥é¡ãªã©ã®çãç©ãç¥ã¯æ¥ã
é€ã£ãŠãã[12]ãæ¥ã
ã®ç¥ãããã£ãŠç¥ãšãšãã«æ©ã¿ãé£äººã倧åã«ããŠçããããšãªã©ã説ãã[13]ã
[å¿åãã]
ç¶ç¥ã®èŸºç
"蟺çã®ã€ãšã¹" ãã¡ãã³ã»ããã«ããŒãç»
ç¶ç¥ã®èŸºçïŒã©ãã³èª: Limbus patrumãè±: Limbo of the FathersïŒã¯ãæ§çŽèæžã®æ代ãããªãã¡ã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ãã®æ»ãšåŸ©æŽ»ãæ倩ã«ãã£ãŠå€©åœã®éãéããã以åã«ãå眪ãæã£ããŸãŸå°ããªçœªãç¯ããå¯èœæ§ããããç¥ãšã®äº€ããã®ãã¡ã«æ»ãã è
ãè¡ãçããšèããããŠããå Žæã§ããã圌ãã¯å°çã«ã¯è¡ããªãããããªã¹ãã®èŽãã«ãã£ãŠæããããŸã§ã¯å€©åœã«è¡ããªããšèããããŠããã
ãã€ãŠæ¥æ¬ã®ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§ã¯ããããå€èæïŒãããããïŒãšèš³ããŠããããŸã第2ããã«ã³å
¬äŒè°ä»¥éã®çŸä»£ã§ã¯æ°å
±åèš³èæžã§ã®èš³èªã«æ²¿ã£ãŠé°åºïŒãã¿ïŒãšèš³ãã䜿åŸä¿¡æ¡ã®äžã§ãå±ããããŠãã[1]ããã®æŠå¿µã¯ãäžäœäžäœåæ§ãèæžã«ç»å Žãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããŸãç¶ç¥ãã¡ãæ»åŸã©ããžè¡ã£ãããšããããšã«ããŠãèæžã«ã¯æ確ã«æžãããŠããªãããæ§ã
ãªç®æãèšå€ã«ãã®ååšãåæãšããŠããã
ã«ã«çŠé³æž16ç« 22ç¯ã«ã¯ãã¢ãã©ãã ã®æããšããèšè¿°ããããã«ããªãã¯æäŒãæ£æäŒãšãã«ã倩åœãžè¡ãéãã¡ã®äžæçãªç¶æ
ããšããŠèªèããŠããïŒäœããç¶ç¥ã®èŸºçããšããèªã»æŠå¿µã¯æ£æäŒã§ã¯çšããããªãïŒããã®ç¶æ
ã®è§£æ¶ã¯ãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§ã¯æåŸã®å¯©å€ã«ããã埩掻ãæ±æ¹æ£æäŒã§ã¯å¥åºã®åŸæã«ãã£ãŠãªãããããšããèŠæ¹ãäž»ã§ãããïŒå¥åºã®åŸæã®èãã¯è¥¿æ¹ãžãããããå容ãããïŒ[2]
[å¿åãã]
åããã«ã«çŠé³æž23ç« 39-43ç¯ã§ã¯ãã€ãšã¹ãååæ¶äžã§åŠåãããéããšãã«ååæ¶ã«ã€ããããçè³ã®äžäººïŒãã£ã¹ãã¹ïŒã«ãä»æ¥ãããããšãšãã«ã楜åãã«ããããšåããå Žé¢ãæžãããŠããããããã埩掻ããæ倩ãŸã§ã®éãã€ãšã¹ã¯åŒåã«å¯ŸããŠèªåã¯ããŸã ç¶ã®ã¿ããšã«æã£ãŠããªãããšçããããã®æãããªççŸã®è§£çãšããŠã¯ãïŒãä»æ¥ãããåãããã«ããã£ãŠãããšè§£éããããšãã§ãããåå
žã§ã¯ã³ã³ããã€ããŠããªããããã楜åã«ããã ãããšããä»æ¥åããããšããä»æ¥æ¥œåã«ãããšããåããããšã解éã§ããïŒã蟺çã®æŠå¿µããµãŸããŠèªãã°ããã£ã¹ãã¹ã¯ã蟺çã§ããªã¹ãã倩åœãžè¡ããããã«ããã®ãåŸ
ã£ãŠãããšã解éã§ããã
ãç¶ç¥ã®èŸºçããšããè¡šçŸã¯ãäžäžã§ã¯ããã¹ïŒå°äžäžçïŒã®äžéšãæãåŒã³åã§ãã£ããããã«ã¯ãæ§çŽæ代ã®æç¶ãã¡ããããªã¹ãïŒæäžäž»ïŒãååæ¶ã«ãããããŠéèšããŠåœŒãã解æŸãããŸã§ã®éãéããããããŠãããšä¿¡ããããŠãã[3]ã
äžäžã®åã§ã¯ãã°ãã°ãã€ãšã¹ã¯åŠåãã埩掻ãŸã§ã®äžæ¥éã«å¥åºã®åŸæãšããåçãªåŸæãçºããæ£ããéã解æŸããŠææ°æã
ãšå€©åœãžå°ããããã«æãããããã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã¯ãæ±æ¹æ£æäŒã«ãããè倧åææ¥ã®ç€ŒæåŒïŒèéææ¥ãšåŸ©æŽ»ç¥ã®éã«è¡ãããïŒããã€ãšã¹ã®åŸ©æŽ»ãæããã€ã³ã³ãªã©ã«èŠãããã
ãããªã¹ãã®å°çãžã®éäžããåç
§
[å¿åãã]
ããããçŸè¡ã®ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®ã«ãããºã ã«ã¯ããã€ãšã¹ã¯ãã¹ãŠã®äººéãšåããæ»ãäœéšãããã®ééã¯æ»è
ã®ããšã«æ»åšããŠã圌ããšäžç·ã«ãªãããŸããããããããªã¹ãã¯ãæãäž»ãšããŠããã«äžããæããããŠããéãã¡ã«ããç¥ãããåããããã®ã§ã[4]ãããããªã¹ãã¯æ»ãã§æ»è
ãã¡ã®äœãŸãã«äžãããã®ã§ãããèæžã§ã¯ãããé°åºããŸãã¯ã·ã§ãªã«ãªããããã¹ãšåŒãã§ããŸããïŒäžç¥ïŒïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥æªäººã§ãããæ£ãã人ã§ããããåããããšã«ãããã¹ãŠã®æ»è
ããããªãäž»ãåŸ
ã£ãŠããŠããã®ç¶æ
ã«ãã£ãã®ã§ããã€ãšã¹ãæ»è
ã®ããšã«äžããããšãã«ãæãã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ããŸãã«ãã¢ãã©ãã ã®ãµãšããã«ãã人ã®ããã«è§£æŸãåŸ
ã£ãŠããèãªãééãã¡ã§ããã€ãšã¹ãæ»è
ã®ããšã«äžãããã®ã¯ãå°çã«èœã¡ãè
ãã¡ãããããæãåºãããã§ããå°çãç Žå£ããããã§ããªãããèªåã«å
ãããæ£ãã人ã
ãæãåºãããã§ãã[5]ãããšæžãããŠããŠãããã§ã¯ã蟺çïŒãªã³ã = LimboïŒããšããè¡šçŸã¯äœ¿ãããŠããªãããŸãããé°åºãã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã責ãèŠã®å°çãšã¯ç°ãªããã®ã§ãæ£ãã人ã§ãããæªäººã§ãããããªã¹ã以åã«æ»ãã ãã¹ãŠã®äººã®ç¶æ
ãæãããšèª¬æããŠãã[6]ã
[å¿åãã]
幌å
ã®èŸºç
幌å
ã®èŸºçïŒã©ãã³èª: Limbus infantium ãŸã㯠Limbus puerorumãè±: The Limbo of InfantsïŒã¯ãæŽç€Œãåããåã«æ»ãã ããã«å眪ãã解æŸãããŠããªã幌å
ãè¡ãã€ããšèããããå Žæã§ããã
ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã«ãããŠãæŽç€Œã®ç§è·¡ã¯æãã®ããã«å¿
èŠãªãã®ãšãããŠãããããå眪ã倩åœã®éã«åããè³çŠçŽèŠ³ãæé€ãããªãã°ãæŽç€Œã®ç§è·¡ãåããè
ã ãã倩åœãžè¡ãè³æ ŒãåŸãã®ãã©ãããç§è·¡ã«ããæŽç€ŒãåããŠããªã人ã¯è¡ã®æŽç€ŒïŒæ®æè
ãªã©ãä¿¡ä»°ã®ããã«æ»ã¬äººã
[7]ïŒãæã¿ã®æŽç€ŒïŒããªã¹ããšæäŒãç¥ããã«ãçå£ã«ç¥ãæ±ããç¥ã®ã¿å¿ãæããããšåªåãããã¹ãŠã®äººã
[7]ïŒãå«ããã©ããªãã®ããè°è«ã®çãšãªã£ãŠããã
[å¿åãã]
幌å
ã®èŸºçã«ã€ããŠã®è°è«ã®æŽå²
å°ãªããšã5äžçŽã®ã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã®æ代ãããæãã®ããã«ã¯æŽç€Œãäžå¯æ¬ ã ãšèããç¥åŠè
ã¯ãæŽç€ŒãåããŠããªã幌å
ãã©ããªããã«ã€ããŠè°è«ããŠãããã幌å
ã®èŸºçãã¯ãã®è§£æ±ºãšããŠç€ºããã仮説ã®äžã€ã§ããããã®èª¬ãæ¡çšããè
ã«ã¯ã幌å
ã®èŸºçãæé«ã®èªç¶ç幞çŠã®å°ãšèããè
ãããã°ãå°ãªããšãè³çŠçŽèŠ³ãå°æ¥ã«ããã£ãŠå¥å¥ªããããªã©ã®ãæã軜ã眰ããåããå ŽæãšããŠèããè
ãããããã®èª¬ã¯ãã©ã®ãããªåœ¢ã§ããããšãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®å
¬åŒæ矩ãšããŠæ¡çšãããäºã¯ãªãã£ãããçŠæ¢ããããªãã£ãã
ã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã¯ããæŽç€Œãåããããšãªãèäœã倱ã£ã幌å
ã¯ãå眪ã®ããã«ããã¹ãŠã®çœªã®äžã§æã軜ã眪ãšããŠæ°ããããã§ãããããããã£ãŠã幌å
ãã¡ã眪ããããªããšèª¬ã人éã¯ãèªåèªèº«ãšä»äººãšãåæã«éšããŠããããšãšãªããããšããèããåºæãã[8]ã418幎ãã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ãå«ãåã¢ããªã«ã®åžæã«ãã£ãŠã«ã«ã¿ãŽäŒè°ïŒè±èªçïŒãéãããããã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã«ããæªæŽç€Œã®å¹Œå
ã®éåœã«é¢ãã信念ã¯ãæ確ã«ä¿èšŒããã¯ããªãã£ãã5 - 6äžçŽã®ã©ãã³æç¶ãã¡ã¯åœŒã®æèŠãæ¡çšããªãã£ãããäžäžã«ãªããšã©ãã³ç¥åŠè
ãã¡ã®åè©äŸ¡ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã£ã[9]ã
äžäžã«ã¯ãã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã®èŠç¹ãåãç¶ãç¥åŠè
ãã¡ãããã12äžçŽã«ãããšãŒã«ã»ã¢ãã©ãŒã«ã¯ãæªæŽç€Œã®å¹Œå
ã¯ç©è³ªçãªè²¬ããç©æ¥µçãªçœ°ã¯äžããããªãããè³çŠçŽèŠ³ãåŠå®ãããåªå€±æã«ã®ã¿èãŸããããšèª¬ãããäžæ¹ã§ãæªæŽç€Œã®å¹Œå
ã¯äœãã®è²¬ããäžããããªããšäž»åŒµããè
ãããã幌å
ã¯è³çŠçŽèŠ³ã奪ãããããšã«ãæ°ã¥ããªããããè¶
èªç¶çãªå¹žçŠãå³ããããã§ã¯ãªãããèªç¶ã®æ¥œãã¿ã享åãããšããèãæ¹ã§ããããã®çè«ãçµã³ã€ãã圢ã§ã1300幎é ã幌å
ã®èŸºçããšããè¡šçŸãšããŠç¬ç«ããã®ã§ãã[10]ã
[å¿åãã]
ããã¹ã»ã¢ã¯ã£ãã¹ã¯ãã幌å
ã®èŸºçãã¯æ°žé ã®èªç¶ã®æ¥œãã¿ã®åœã§ãããšããããããæŽç€Œã®æµã¿ãåããŠããã°ã©ãã ãã®å¹žçŠããã£ããããšããåªå€±æã«èãŸããããšããªããšè¿°ã¹ãã圌ã¯ããã®ç¶æ
ãèªç¶ã®çŸåŸ³ã«å¯Ÿããèªç¶ã®å¹žãã«ããå ±é
¬ã§ããããè¶
èªç¶çãªå¹žçŠã«ããå ±é
¬ã¯å®å
šãªèªç¶ã®çŸåŸ³ã«å¯ŸããŠäžããããã¹ããã®ã§ãããããå眪ã®ããã«èµŠããç¥ããªãæªæŽç€Œã®å¹Œå
ã«ã¯ãµãããããªããšäž»åŒµããããæã¿ã®æŽç€Œãã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ人ã®ã¿ã«é©çšããããã®ã ãšãã[11]ã
ãã£ã¬ã³ãã§å
¬äŒè°ïŒ1431幎 - 1443幎ïŒã§ã¯ããåã©ãã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ»ã®å±éºããã°ãã°çŸããæãã¯ç§è·¡ã«ããæŽç€Œã®ã¿ãšããç¶æ³ããããæªéã®æ¯é
ãéããŠç¥ã®åãšèªããããããã«ãç¥èãªãæŽç€Œã¯40æ¥ã80æ¥ããã以äžå»¶ã³ãªãããã«ãšèŠåããããšã幌å
ã«å¯ŸããŠãæŽç€Œãäžå¯æ¬ ãšãããèªçåŸããã«æŽç€Œãè¡ãããšãå¿
èŠã ãšããã[12]ãããã¯5äžçŽã®ã«ã«ã¿ãŽå
¬äŒè°ã§ãèšåãããŠãããããã£ã¬ã³ãã§å
¬äŒè°ã§ã¯ããã®äžã®çã«ãããå®éã®çœªãè² ã£ãŠæ»ãã è
ããå眪ã®ã¿ãè² ã£ãŠæ»ãã è
ããèŠçã«å·®ã¯ãããã®ã®ããšãã«çŽã¡ã«å°çãžãšèœã¡ãŠçœ°ãåãããšå®£èšããã[13]ã
[å¿åãã]
ããªãšã³ãå
¬äŒè°ïŒ1543幎 - 1563幎ïŒã§ã¯ããæã¿ã®æŽç€Œãã¯ãã¢ãã ã®åãšããŠçãŸããç¶æ
ãããäºçªç®ã®ã¢ãã ããæäžäž»ã€ãšã¹ã»ããªã¹ãã«ãããç¥ã®åã«å ããããæµã¿ãè³ãç¶æ
ãžã移è¡ããããã®æ段ã§ãããšæèšãããããããŠãã®é ã«ã¯ãæ人ãç§è·¡ã«ããæŽç€Œãåããããªãäºæ
ã«ãªã£ãå Žåã«ç§è·¡ãžã®æã¿ã«ãã£ãŠæŽç€ŒïŒæã¿ã®æŽç€ŒïŒãåãããããšãããªããç§è·¡ã«ããæŽç€ŒãåããŠããªã幌å
ããŸããéåžžã®æŽç€Œãåããããªãã£ããšããŠã代æ¿ã§ããææžæ¹æ³ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšèãããã®ãããã16äžçŽã®ç¥åŠè
ãããœã»ãã»ãŽã£ãªïŒè±èªçïŒã¯ããåºçåã«æ»ãã§ããŸãæŽç€Œãåããããªãã£ãèå
ã¯ãæ¯èŠªã®æŽç€Œãžã®é¡ãã«ãã£ãŠææžããããããšèª¬ããããã®ããã«ããã£ã¬ã³ãã§å
¬äŒè°ã§åŠå®ããããšãããéåžžã®æŽç€Œä»¥å€ã«å¹Œå
ã®ææžãæ±ããããšã«ã€ããŠæ確ãªå
±éç解ãåŸãããããã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã18 - 19äžçŽãéããŠãè€æ°ã®ç¥åŠè
ããæªæŽç€Œã§æ»ãã 幌å
ã®ææžçè«ã説ãç¶ããããäžè¬çãªæèŠãšããŠå¹Œå
ã蟺çãžè¡ãããšãæããŠããã
[å¿åãã]
çŸä»£ã®è§£é
1984幎ãåœææçåºæççé·å®ã§ãã£ããšãŒãŒãã»ã©ããã£ã³ã¬ãŒæ¢æ©å¿ïŒåŸã®æçãããã£ã¯ã16äžïŒã¯ãå人ã®ç¥åŠè
ãšããŠå€ãã®åŠè
ãã¡ãžã®ã¹ããŒãã®äžã§ããæŽç€Œãåããã«äº¡ããªã£ãåã©ãã¯æãã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã«ãªããªãããšäž»åŒµãããããããåããŠã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®ã«ãããºã ã§ã¯ããæäŒã¯ãæ°žé ã®å¹žçŠã®ä¿èšŒãäžããããã®ãæŽç€Œä»¥å€ã®æ¹æ³ãç¥ããŸããããšããªãããããç¥ã¯æããæŽç€Œã®ç§è·¡ã«çµã³ã€ããããŸããããç¥ãèªèº«ã¯ç§è·¡ã«ææãããããšã¯ãããŸãããããšããŠãã[14]ããŸãããæŽç€Œãåããã«æ»ãã 幌å
ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæäŒã«ã§ããã®ã¯ã幌å
ã®è¬åã®éã«è¡ã£ãŠããããã«ããã®åã©ããç¥ã®ãããã¿ã«ãã ããããšã ãã§ãããã¹ãŠã®äººã
ãæãããããšãæãã§ããããç¥ã®éããªããããã¿ããèŠãŠããŸããåã©ããã¡ããããã®ãšããã«æ¥ãããªããã劚ããŠã¯ãªããªããïŒãã«ã³çŠé³æž10ç« 14ç¯ïŒãšèšãããã€ãšã¹ã®åã©ããã¡ãžã®ææ
ããèŠãŠãããããã¡ã¯æŽç€Œãåããã«æ»ãã 幌å
ã«ã¯æãã®éããããšåžæããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããããããæäŒã¯ã幌å
ãèãªãæŽç€Œã®æµã¿ãéããŠããªã¹ãã®ããšã«è¿ã¥ãã®ã劚ããªãããã«ãšã匷ãä¿ããŠããŸããããšããŠãã[15]ã
[å¿åãã]
2007幎4æ22æ¥ãæçåºã®è«®åæ©é¢ã§ããåœéç¥åŠåäŒã¯ãåæçãšããã»ããŠã2äžã®èŠè«ã«åºã¥ããŠäœæããããæªæŽç€Œã®ãŸãŸæ»äº¡ãã幌å
ã®ææžã®å¯èœæ§ããšããã¿ã€ãã«ã®ææžãæåºãã[16]ãããã§ã¯ãã幌å
ã®èŸºçãã®èª¬ãå«ããæªæŽç€Œã®å¹Œå
ã®éåœã«é¢ããéå»ã»çŸåšã®æèŠãè¿œããç¥åŠçãªè°è«ãæ€èšããäžã§ã以äžã®ããã«çµè«ããŠããã
å
ã«æ€èšããå€ãã®èŠçŽ ããã®çµè«ãšããŠã¯ãæŽç€ŒãåããªããŸãŸæ»äº¡ããåã©ããã¡ã¯æãããŠè³çŠçŽèŠ³ãåŸãã ãããšããç¥åŠçããã³å
žç€Œäžã®å€§ããªåžæãèŠãããããã ãããã§åŒ·èª¿ãããã®ã¯ããããã¯ç¢ºããªç¥èã«åºã¥ãããã®ãšãããããããããä¿¡å¿æ·±ãåžæã«ãã£ãŠçç±ã¥ãããããã®ã ãšããããšã§ããããšããçŠé³æž16ç« 12ç¯ã«ãããšããããããã¯å®¹æã«ã¯æããã«ãããŠããªããããããããããã¡ã¯ç¥ã®ãããã¿ã®ãã¡ã«ä¿¡ä»°ãšåžæã«ãã£ãŠçããŠãããèéã¯ããã€ãæè¬ãšåã³ããã£ãŠç¥ãããã«å°ããŠãããã§ãããïŒããµããã±ãžã®æçŽã»äž 5ç« 18ç¯åç
§ïŒ
ããããã¡ã«ç€ºãããŠããã®ã¯ãæããžã®éã¯ç§è·¡ã«ããæŽç€Œã§ãããšããããšã§ãããæŽç€Œã®å¿
èŠæ§ãèŠéã£ããç§è·¡ãé
ããããæ£åœåãããããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããããããããšãåºæ¥ãªããšãåã©ããã¡ã®ããã«ãæäŒã«ãããä¿¡ä»°ãšåœã®ãã¡ã«æŽç€Œãåããããããšé¡ãããšããããç¥ãåã©ããæã£ãŠãã ãããšããåžæã®æ ¹æ ãšãªããšãããããŠçµè«ããã
[å¿åãã]
ç
çïŒãããããã©ãã³èª: PurgatoriumïŒãšã¯ãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®æ矩ã§ããã®äžã®åœã®çµãããšå€©åœãšã®éã«å€ãã®äººãçµããšæããããæž
ãã®æé[1]ããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®ã«ãããºã ãã§ã¯ããç¥ã®æµã¿ãšç¥ãšã®èŠªãã亀ãããšãä¿ã£ããŸãŸæ»ãã§ãæ°žé ã®æãã¯ä¿èšŒãããŠãããã®ã®ã倩åœã®åã³ã«ããããããã«å¿
èŠãªèæ§ãåŸãããã«æµåïŒæž
ãïŒã®èŠãã¿ãåãã人ã
ã®ç¶æ
ããšèª¬æãã[2][3]ã
æ£æäŒããããã¹ã¿ã³ããªã©ããªã¹ãæã®ä»ã®æ掟ã§ã¯ãåŸè¿°ããããã«ç
çã®ååšãèªããŠããªãã
æŠèª¬
ç
çã¯ãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§ã¯å€©åœã«ã¯è¡ããªãã£ããå°çã«ãå¢ã¡ãªãã£ã人ã®è¡ãäžéçãªãšãããšãã[4]ãèŠçœ°ã«ãã£ãŠçœªãæž
ããããåŸã倩åœã«å
¥ããšããããçŸè¡ã®ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®æ矩ã§ã¯ã倩åœã¯ãæé«ã®ããããŠæçµçãªå¹žçŠã®ç¶æ
[5]ããå°çã¯ãç¥ããæ°žé ã«é¢ããæ°žé ã®è²¬ãèŠãåããç¶æ
[6]ããšå®çŸ©ãããŠããããã倩åœã®æ¬è³ªãç¥ãšã®äžèŽã«ãããšããã°ãããã¯åœç¶ã®ããšã ãã人éã¯å¿
ãããçµå§äžè²«ãç¥ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠçããŠãããšã¯ãããã眪ãç¯ãããšãããããã®ããæ»åŸã«ç¥ãšäžèŽããããšããéã«ã¯ãèªåã®å
ã«ããç¥ãšç°è³ªãªãã®ã¯æž
ããããããšã«ãªãããããç
çã§ãã[1]ããšèª¬æãããŠããã
ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§ã¯ãå°ãªããšã12äžçŽä»¥éã®æç¶ã®æç« ãªã©ã«æ£èŠãããèäŒã»æçãšããŠåãç¶ãã[7][8][9]ãæ§çŽèæžïŒç¬¬äºæ£å
žïŒã®ã第äºãã«ãã€èšãã®èšè¿°ãæ ¹æ ã«ãªããšããŠããã£ã¬ã³ãã§å
¬äŒè°ïŒ1431幎 - 1443幎ïŒãšããªãšã³ãå
¬äŒè°ïŒ1543幎 - 1563幎ïŒã§å
¬åŒãªæ矩ãšããŠå確èªããã[10]ããã®ãããªçµç·¯ããããæäŒã®æ±è¥¿åè£ä»¥åã«ã«ããªãã¯æäŒãšåãããæ£æäŒã§ã¯ãç
çãèªããŠããªã[11][12]ããŸãããããã¹ã¿ã³ãã§ã¯ããã«ãã£ã³ã»ã«ã¿ãŒã¯åœåãç
çã®ååšãèªããŠããããåŸã«ãã«ãã€èšãåŠèªããããšããä»ã®æ¹é©è
ãã¡ãšåããç
çãåŠå®ããããã«ãªã£ã[13]ã
[å¿åãã]
èæžãšèäŒã«ããæ ¹æ
èæž
ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã®äŒæ¿ã§ã¯ãç
çã¯ãæž
ãã®ç«ããšããã€ã¡ãŒãžã§èªããããã®ç±æ¥ã¯æäŒã®å€ãããã®äŒæ¿ã ãã§ãªãããã³ãªã³ããžã®ç¬¬äžã®æçŽã3ç« 13-15ç¯ ãããããã®æçŽäžã1ç« 7ç¯ãªã©ãªã©èæžã®ããã€ãã®ç®æã«åºã¥ãããã®ã ãšèª¬æããããŸããããã¿ã€çŠé³æžã12ç« 32ç¯ ã®èšè¿°ããããã眪ã¯ãã®äžã§ãä»ã®ãã眪ã¯ãã®äžã§ããããåŸãããšè§£éã§ããããšããç
çã®ååšã®æ ¹æ ã ãšããŠãã[10]ã
åã
ã®ä»äºã®äŸ¡å€ã¯ãã¯ã£ãããããããã«ãªãããã®æ¥ããããçŸããã ãããäž»ã®æ¥ã¯ç«ã®äžã«çŸããåã
ã®ä»äºã®äŸ¡å€ã¯ãã®ç«ã«ãã£ãŠè©Šãããããã§ãããåå°ã®äžã«ç«ãŠã建ç©ãããã«èããã°ã建ãŠã人ã¯ãã®å ±ããåããããããã®ä»äºãçŒããã°ãæ倱ãåãããã圌èªèº«ã¯ç«ãéãããã«ããŠæãããã
ââãã³ãªã³ããžã®ç¬¬äžã®æçŽã 3ç« 13-15ç¯ ïŒãã«ããèš³ïŒ
èšèã§äººã®åã«éããè
ã¯èš±ãããããèšèã§èéã«éããè
ã¯ãã®äžã«ãããŠãæ¥äžã«ãããŠãèš±ãããããšã¯ãªãã
ââããã¿ã€ã«ããçŠé³æžã12ç« 32ç¯ïŒãã«ããèš³ïŒ
[å¿åãã]
ããã«ãç
çã®æãã¯ãæ§çŽèæžïŒç¬¬äºæ£å
žïŒã®ã第äºãã«ãã€èšã12ç« 45(-46)ç¯ã®ã眪ã®ãã¡ã«æ»ãã æ»è
éã®ããã®ç¥ãã®ç¿æ
£ã«ãèŠããããšããŠãããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã¯åæã®æ代ããããæ»è
ã®èšå¿µãæ·±ãæ¬æã®å¿µã以ã£ãŠå°ã³ãã眪ãã解ããããããæ»è
ã®ããã«ç¥ããæ§ããŠãã[14]ã
å®ã«æ»ãã 人éã®èããåžæããŠããªãã£ãããæ»è
ã®çºã«ç¥ãããšã¯ç¡çãªã空ããããšã§ãã£ãããã 圌ã¯æ¬èã«ç ãã«å
¥ã£ã人éã«ãçŽ æŽãããå ±ããæºåãããŠãããšèããŠãããããã¯èãä¿¡å¿æ·±ãèãã§ããããã®çºã«ã圌ã¯æ»è
ã®çºã®åãã®çèŽãæ§ãã眪ãã解ãæŸãšããšããã
ââããã«ãã€ã®æžäžã 12ç« 45(-46)ç¯ ïŒãã«ããèš³ïŒ
äžè¿°ã®ãã«ãã€æžã®èšè¿°ã¯ãçŽæ¥çã«ã¯åŸ©æŽ»ãšä»£ç¥·ã®æå¹æ§ãèªãããã®ã ããéæ¥çã«ã¯äžéçç¶æ
ãèªãããã®ãšèšããããªããªããåŸã®äžã§åŸ©æŽ»åã«è£ããã®ããªããã°ãä¿¡è
ã®ä»£ç¥·ã«ã¯æå³ããªãããã§ãã[15]ã
[å¿åãã]
èäŒ
ããããç
çã®æ矩ã決å®çã«ãããã®ã¯ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã«ãããèäŒã§ãããèäŒã¯åžžã«ç
çã®æãã®æ ¹æ¬çèŠçŽ ãæ»åŸã®çºã®æž
ãã®å¿
èŠãªããšãšãæ»åŸã®ä»£ç¥·ã®æçãªããšã«ã€ããŠç¢ºä¿¡ãæã£ãŠããããŠãã€äººã¯ç¥å
åŽæã¯ããªãã£ãããæ¬æã®æ
ã以ã£ãŠæ»è
ãåŒããæ»è
ã®çºã«ç¥ãç¿æ
£ãããªã¹ãä¿¡è
ã«äŒããããã¯ä¿¡è
ã®ä»£ç¥·ã«ãã£ãŠæ»è
ãå®å
šã«æž
ãããããšããä¿¡ä»°ãä»®å®ãããã®ã§ãã£ããããŠããèªåãååœäžãå©ããŠãããäžåã®ä¿¡è
ã®çºã«ç¥ããè£ãã®æ¥ã«æã¿ãåããŠãããããäž»ã«é¡ã£ãã®ããããããå€ãç¿æ
£ã«ããïŒ2ãã¢ã1ã»16以äžïŒ[15]ã
ããã«ã2äžçŽä»¥åŸã®ããŒãã®ã«ã¿ã³ã³ãã®å¢ç¢ã«ã¯ãæ»è
ãžã®ä»£ç¥·ã®é¡ããå»ãŸããŠãããããã¯ä¿¡è
ãæ©ãæãããŠå€©åœã«äžããããã«ããšã®ç¥é¡ã®è¡šãã§ããã3äžçŽåŸåããã¯ãèãããªã¢ãã¹ãªã©ã®èšŒèšã«ããããããã«ã代祷ã®ç¿æ
£ã¯ããã«æ®åãããããµã®å
žç€Œæã§ãæ»è
ã®çºã®ç¥ããå±ããããããã«ãªã£ãã4äžçŽä»¥åŸã¯ãç
çã®ååšã¯äžå±€æ瀺çã«ãªãããšãããèã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã®å¯äžã¯å€§ããã圌ãæ¯ã¢ãã«ã®æ»ã«ããã£ãŠã代祷ãè«ãããããšã¯æåã§ãããã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ã¯ãå
šãŠã®äººã¯æ¯æããªããŠã¯ãããªãè² ãç®ãããããšãããæ»åŸã®æž
ãã¯å¿
èŠã§ãããããã¯é·ããŠå
¬å¯©å€ãŸã§ã§ãããšèª¬ãã[16]ã
[å¿åãã]
ç
çã®ééã®ããã®ç¥ã
äžè¿°ãããããªæ ¹æ ã»çµç·¯ãããä¿¡è
ã¯ãç
çã®ééã®ããã«ç¥ããæ»è
ã®ããã®æœããå
åãåãã®ãããè¡ãããã«å§ããããŠãã[17][3]ãããã«ãã£ãŠç
çã®ééïŒæž
ãã®ç¶æ
ã«ããæ»è
ïŒã¯æããããšæäŒã¯æããŠããã
ãã®ããã«æããã®ã¯ãç
çã®ééã¯ãæ¢ã«äººçãçµããŠããæéãšããèªç±ãªæ©äŒã倱ã£ãŠãããããèªåã®åã§ã¯è±åºããããšããèŠãã¿ãç·©åããããšãã§ããããŸã æéãšããå埳ãç©ãæ©äŒãæã£ãŠããçŸäžã®äººã«äŸãé Œããããªãããšããããã§ãã[18]ããã ããç
çã®ééã¯ãç¥ãå¿ããæããŠããŠã倩åœã«ãããéããããšã確å®ã§ããããããã®èŠãã¿ã¯å€§ããããå¿ã®å¹³å®ãšåã³ãä¹±ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããŸããèŠããæäŒãã®äžå¡ãšããŠãç
çã®ééã¯ãå°äžã®äººã®ããã«ãç¥ã«é¡ãããšãç¶ãããšãã§ããããšãããããã®ãããå°äžã®ä¿¡è
ã¯ç
çã®ééã«ãç¥ããåã次ããé¡ãããå§ããããŠãã[18]ããªããæ®æè
ã¯ç
çãçµãªãã§çŽæ¥å€©åœãžè¡ããšèãããããŸãæŽç€Œã»ãããã®ç§è·¡ã»çœªã®åãã»åè¡ã¯ãç
çã§ã®åããæžå
ãããšæãã[1]ã
ããããçµç·¯ãããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§ã¯ãè人以å€ã®å°ãªããã¬å人ã倩åœã§ã¯ãªãç
çã«è¡ã£ããšæããããããæçã«åºã¥ããå€æ°ã®å¹»èŠãç§çå瀺ãäŒçµ±çã«ååšããŠãããäŸãã°ããã¡ãã£ãã®èæ¯ãèŠãçŠè
ãžã£ã·ã³ã¿ã»ãã«ããã¯ãèæ¯ãããåéã®ã¢ã¡ãªã¢ã¯äžã®çµãããŸã§ç
çã«ãããšåããããããšããŠãã[19]ã
[å¿åãã]
å
å
å
åïŒã©ãã³èª: indulgentiaeïŒãšã¯ãã眪ç§ãšããŠã¯ãã§ã«èµŠå
ããã眪ã«å¯Ÿããæéã®çœ°ã®ç¥ã®åã«ãããããã[20]ãã®ããšã§ã人ããã®äžã§ç¯ã眪ã¯ããããã®ç§è·¡ãã«ãã£ãŠèµŠãããŠç¥ãšã®äº€ãããå埩ãããããã®çœªã®åããšãèšããèŠãã¿ïŒæéã®çœ°ãããªãã¡ç
çïŒãæ®ãããããããæžå
ããããã«ç¥ããç§è·¡ãåè¡ãªã©æäŒã®å®ããéããŠåŸããããšãããŠãããã®ã§ããããã®å
åããç
çã®ééã®æãã®ããã«æ§ããããšããã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§äŒçµ±çã«å§ããããŠããããã®å
åã®ãæäŒã»æçã«ãã蚌ææžããèŽå®¥ç¶ïŒå
å笊ïŒ[* 1]ãã§ããããããééã§è²©å£²ã»å£²è²·ããŠããããšãæäŒã®è
æã«ã€ãªããããã«ãã£ã³ã»ã«ã¿ãŒã«ããå®ææ¹é©ã®çºç«¯ãšããªã£ããå
å笊ã®è²©å£²ã¯ããã®åŸããªãšã³ãå
¬äŒè°ïŒ1543幎 - 1563幎ïŒã§å»æ¢ãããã
[å¿åãã]
ä»æ掟ã«ããæ¹å€
ãã®ããã«ãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§ã¯ç
çã«ããæ»è
ã®ããã«ç¥ããªã©ãè¡ãäŒçµ±ããã£ããããããã¹ã¿ã³ãã®è«žæ掟ã§ã¯ãåœåã¯ã«ã¿ãŒã®ããã«ç
çã®ååšãèªããæç¶ããããã®ã®[13]ããã«ãã€èšã®èæžæ£å
žãšããŠã®ç矩ãããŸãã«ã¿ãŒãèŽå®¥ç¶ïŒå
å笊ïŒã®å£²è²·ã«å¯ŸããŠçåãæããããããšãå®ææ¹é©ã®çºç«¯ã®äžã€ãšãªã£ããšããæŽå²ççµç·¯ãªã©ãããç
çã®æŠå¿µãåŠå®ããããã«ãã€èšãžã®ç矩ã«å¯ŸããŠãã«ããªãã¯æäŒã¯ããã«ãã€èšãã¿ã«ã ãŒãã®èè
ãã¡ããŠãã€äººæŽå²å®¶ãã©ãŠã£ãŠã¹ã»ãšã»ãã¹ãèæžãšããŠçã£ãŠããªãã£ãããšããŠãã»ãã«ãã€ã«ãã£ãŠèŠå®ãããããã«ïŒå
ã®ç¥ãïŒãããªã¹ãèªèº«ãè¡ã£ãŠããããš[23]ãã¢ãŠã°ã¹ãã£ãã¹ãã€ã³ãã±ã³ãã£ãŠã¹1äžãªã©å代æäŒã®æç¶éãæ£å
žãšå®£èšããŠããããšãªã©ãããæ§çŽèæžã«å«ããŠãã[24]ã
ãŸããæ£æäŒã«ãæ»è
ã®ããã«ç¥ããããããšããäŒçµ±ãããããæ£æäŒã«ãããèäŒã«ã¯ç
çã¯ç¡ããšããçç±ããããŸããé°åºãšå€©åœã®éã«ã¯å€§ããªæ·µããããšããèŠè§£ããïŒãã«ã«ã«ããçŠé³æžã16ç« 26ç¯ïŒãæ£æäŒã§ã¯ç
çã®ååšãèªããŠããªã[11][12]ã
[å¿åãã]
å°çïŒããããè±èª: hellïŒã§ã¯ããªã¹ãæã«ãããå°çã«ã€ããŠè©³è¿°ããã
æ§çŽèæžãæ°çŽèæžãŸã§ãå°çã«é¢ããå
容ãæ°åç®æã«çŸãããã®ãªã·ã£èªèæžã®èšäºäžã«ããå°çããšèš³ãããããšãããèªåœã¯ããã²ãã³ããïŒÎ³ÎµÎµÎœÎœÎ±ãçŸä»£ã®ãªã·ã£èªã§ã¯ã²ãšã³ãïŒãšããããŒã¹ãïŒáŸÎŽÎ·ÏãçŸä»£ã®ãªã·ã£èªã§ã¯ã¢ãã£ã¹ïŒã®2çš®é¡ãããã欜å®èš³èæžïŒè±èªïŒã«ãããŠã¯ "hell" ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãèš³èªãšããŠçšããããŠããŠèš³ãåããããŠããªããæ¥æ¬èªèš³èæžã«ãããŠã¯ããã®2çš®é¡ã¯ã®ãªã·ã£èªåæã«åŸã£ãŠèš³ãåããããåŸåãããã
æçµçãªæ°žé ã®å°ç(ã²ãã)ãšãäžä¿¡ä»°ãªæ»è
ãæåŸã®å¯©å€ãåŸ
ã€é»æ³(ããã¹)ã¯åºå¥ãããŠããã ãã®2çš®é¡ã®èªåœã»æŠå¿µãã©ã®çšåºŠéããã®ãšããŠæãããã¯ãæ掟ã»èãæ¹ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªã£ãŠããŠãèæžäžã®èš³èªãç°ãªãå Žåããããæ¬èšäºã§ã¯ããã®2çš®é¡ã®èªåœãããããæ±ãããæ掟ããšã«å°çã«ã€ããŠã®ç解ãç°ãªããããæŠå¿µæŠèŠãšèªçŸ©ã«ã€ããŠè©³è¿°ããã®ã¡ãæ掟ããšã®ç解ã«ç§»ãã
æŠå¿µ
ããªã¹ãæã§ã®å°çã¯äžè¬çã«ãæ»åŸã®å眰ã®å ŽæãŸãã¯ç¶æ
[1]ãééãç¥ã®æãã«æããå Žæ[2]ãšãããã
[å¿åãã]
èªçŸ©ã»èš³èª
ã®ãªã·ã£èªã«ãããäºã€ã®èªåœã®æŠå¿µå·®
ã®ãªã·ã£èªã«ãããŠã¯ãè±èªã§ "hell" ãšèš³ãããèªåœãšããŠãγÎεΜΜαïŒå€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èªå建é³ïŒã²ãã³ããçŸä»£ã®ãªã·ã£èªè»¢åïŒã²ãšã³ãïŒãšãáŸÎŽÎ·ÏïŒå€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èªå建é³ïŒãããŒã¹ãçŸä»£ã®ãªã·ã£èªè»¢åïŒã¢ãã£ã¹ïŒã®äºã€ã®èªåœããããäž¡èªåœãšãæ§çŽèæžã»æ°çŽèæžã«äœ¿ãããŠãã[4]ã
"å°ç": ã²ããã®èªæºãšãªã£ãããã³ãã ã®è°·ãïŒ2007幎æ®åœ±ïŒ
ã²ãã³ãã¯åèªã§ã¯ããã³ãã ã®è°·ãã®æã§ããããã®è°·ã§ã¯ã¢ããºçã®æ代ã«ã¢ãã¯ç¥ã«æ§ããç«ç¥ã«éããŠå¹Œå
ç ç²ãè¡ãããããšããšã·ã€çã®æ¹é©ã§è°·ãæ±ãããããšããããçºã®æ±ç©ã®æšãŠå Žãšãããããã®ãããªçµç·¯ãããæ°çŽèæžã§ã¯ã²ãã³ãã¯ãæ¥äžã®å眰ã®å ŽæããšããŠèããããããã«ãªã£ã[5]ãäžæ¹ããããŒã¹ã¯ã®ãªã·ã£èªã®ã姿ãªããããããããã®æãã掟çãããã®ã§ãããã©ã€èªã®ã·ã§ãªã«ã«åœãããå€ä»£ã®ç¥è©±ã§ã¯æ»è
ã®åœ±ãäœãå°äžã®çåœãšããã[3]ã
ããªã¹ãæå
ã§ãå°çã«å¯Ÿããæãæ¹ãæ掟ã»ç¥åŠåŸåãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããã²ãã³ããšãããŒã¹ã®éã«ã¯å³ç¶ãšããåºå¥ããããšããèŠè§£ãš[4]ãåºå¥ã¯èŠåºããã®ã®ããã»ã©å€§ããªéããšã¯æããªãèŠè§£[2]ãªã©ãäž¡æŠå¿µã«ã€ããŠæ§ã
ãªæãæ¹ãããã
[å¿åãã]
å³ç¶ãšããåºå¥ããããšããèŠè§£ã®äžäŸã«æ ãã°ãã²ãã³ãã¯æåŸã®å¯©å€ã®åŸã«ç¥ãä¿¡ããªãè
ã眰ããããå Žæã§ãããšããããäžæ¹ããããŒã¹ã¯æ»ããæåŸã®å¯©å€ã埩掻ãŸã§ã®æéã ãæ»è
ãåãå
¥ããäžç«çãªå Žæã§ãããšããããã®èŠè§£ã«ããã°ããããŒã¹ã¯æéçã«éå®ããããã®ã§ããããã®äžã®çµããã«ããã人ã
ã®åŸ©æŽ»ã®éã«ã¯ãããŒã¹ã¯çµçãããä»æ¹ãå¥ã®æãæ¹ãããããããŒã¹ã¯äžä¿¡ä»°ãªè
ã®éã ããè¡ãå Žæã§ãããæ£ããè
ã®éã¯ãæ°žé ã®äœãŸããã«ãã£ãŠããªã¹ããšäžã€ã«ããããšãã[4]ã
äžè¿°ããèŠè§£äŸã»ã©ã«ã¯å€§ããªéããèŠåºããªãèŠè§£ããã¯ãã²ãšã³ãïŒã²ãã³ãïŒãã¢ãïŒãããŒã¹ïŒã®ãããããèæžäžã«ãããå€ã®å¹œæãïŒãã¿ã€22:13ïŒããç«ã®çãïŒãã¿ã€13:50ïŒãšãã£ãå称ã®æ°ã
ãšåæ§ã«ã眪ããæãåºããã«ãã®äžãå»ã£ãééã«ãšã£ãŠã眪ã«å®ãããç¥ã®æãã«æããå Žæã§ããäºã衚瀺ãããã®ã§ãããšããã[2]ã
é²ãã§è¡ããšããã§ã¯ãªãããã ããïŒâ
[å¿åãã]
åèšèªã«ãããèš³ãåã
ã®ãªã·ã£èªããä»èšèªã«ç¿»èš³ããã«ããããã®äºã€ã®èªåœãã©ã®ããã«åŠçãããã«ã€ããŠãäºã€ã®èªåœãåœãŠãŠèš³ãåãããããããšãåãèªåœãåœãŠãããããããã®æ¹çãåçš®åèšèªç¿»èš³ã«ãã£ãŠæ¡ãããäºãšãªã£ãŠããã
ã«ããªãã¯æäŒã§åºã䜿ããããŽã«ã¬ãŒã¿çã©ãã³èªèæžã§ã¯ãÎÎεΜΜα ã« gÄhenna ããáŸÎŽÎ·Ï ã« Infernum ãåœãŠãŠãã[6]ãã¹ã©ãŽç³»ã®æ£æäŒã§åºã䜿ãããæäŒã¹ã©ãŽèªèš³èæžã§ã¯ãÎÎεΜΜα ã« ÐееММа ããáŸÎŽÎ·Ï ã« ÐÐŽÑ ãåœãŠãŠãã[7][8]ã
ããããªãããè±èªèš³ã§ãã欜å®èš³èæžã§ã¯ãã®ãããªèš³ãåãããªãããããããã "hell" ãšèš³ãããŠãããè±èªã® "hell" ã®èªã¯ãã€ãŠã®ãªã·ã£èªã®ããã¹ãããã©ã€èªã®ã·ã§ãªã«ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠãããã17äžçŽä»¥éã«ã²ãããããããæå³ã«å€åãã[9]ã
[å¿åãã]
æ¥æ¬èªèš³èæžã«ãããèš³ãåã
æ¥æ¬èªèš³èæžã«ãããŠã¯ãã®ãªã·ã£èªã«ãããäž¡èªåœãèš³ãåãããã®ãšèš³ãåããŠããªããã®ãšãããããè¿å¹Žã®ãã®ã¯èš³ãåããåŸåã«ãããæ¥æ¬æ£æäŒèš³èæžã¯æŒ¢åã§ã¯èš³ãåããŠããªãããã«ããæ¯ãããšã§èªã¿ãå€ããŠèš³ãåããè¡ã£ãŠããã
以äžã®å¯Ÿç
§è¡šã«ãããèæžã®äžŠã³ã¯ãå·Šãã翻蚳ãå€ãé ãšããŠããã以äžã®å¯Ÿç
§è¡šã«æããç®æ以å€ã«ããå€æ°ã®ç®æã«ãå°çããé°åºããåºãŠæ¥ãã
æ¥æ¬èªèš³èæžã«ãããèš³ãåã察ç
§è¡š
ã®ãªã·ã£èª èæžç®æ æ¥æ¬æ£æäŒèš³èæž ã©ã²èš³èæž å€§æ£æ¹èš³èæž å£èªèš³èæž æ°æ¹èš³èæž æ°å
±åèš³èæž
γÎεΜΜα ãã¿ã€
5:22 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã²ãšã³ããïŒ å°ç ã²ãã å°ç ã²ãã å°ç
ãã¿ã€
18:9 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã²ãšã³ããïŒ å°ç ã²ãã å°ç ã²ãã å°ç
ãã«ã³
18:9 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã²ãšã³ããïŒ å°ç ã²ãã å°ç ã²ãã å°ç
ã«ã«
12:5 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã²ãšã³ããïŒ å°ç ã²ãã å°ç ã²ãã å°ç
áŸÎŽÎ·Ï ãã¿ã€
11:23 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã¢ãããïŒ å°ç é»æ³ é»æ³ ããã¹ é°åº
ã«ã«
16:23 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã¢ãããïŒ å°ç é»æ³ é»æ³ ããã¹ é°åº
䜿åŸè¡äŒ
2:31 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã¢ãããïŒ å¥åº é»æ³ é»æ³ ããã¹ é°åº
é»ç€ºé²
1:18 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã¢ãããïŒ å°ç é°åº é»æ³ ããã¹ é°åº
é»ç€ºé²
20:13 å°ç
ïŒã«ã:ãã¢ãããïŒ å¥åº é°åº é»æ³ ããã¹ é°åº
[ãããããŒããã]
èæžç®æ
æ§çŽèæžã«ãããŠãæ°çŽèæžã«ãããŠããå°çã«ã€ããŠèšãããç®æãããã
æ°çŽèæžã«ãããŠå°çã«èšåãããç®æãšããŠä»¥äžãæãããããå£èªèš³èæžããã®åŒçšæã¯æäœãšããŠããã
ã²ãã³ãïŒå°çãã²ãšã³ãïŒ
ãã¿ã€ã«ããçŠé³æž 5:22ãå
åŒã«ããã£ãŠæãè
ãšèšãè
ã¯ãè°äŒã«åŒããããããã§ãããããŸããã°ãè
ãšèšãè
ã¯ãå°çã®ç«ã«æã蟌ãŸããã§ããããã
ãã¿ã€ 5:29ã5:30 - äžèšãšåãããŠå±±äžã®åèšã®äžéš
ãã¿ã€ 10:28ã18:9ã23:15ã23:33
ãã«ã³ã«ããçŠé³æž 9:43 - 9:48
ã«ã«ã«ããçŠé³æž 12:5ãæãã¹ãè
ãã ãã§ããããæããŠããããã殺ããããšã§ãæŽã«å°çã«æã蟌ãæš©åšã®ãããããæããªãããããã ãããªãããã«èšã£ãŠãããããã®ãããæããªãããã
ã€ã³ãã®æçŽ 3:6ãèã¯ç«ã§ãããäžçŸ©ã®äžçã§ãããèã¯ãããããã¡ã®åšå®ã®äžã€ãšããŠããªãããããã®ã§ããããå
šèº«ãæ±ããçåã®è»èŒªãçãããèªãã¯å°çã®ç«ã§çŒãããã ã
[å¿åãã]
ãããŒã¹ïŒé»æ³ãé°åºãå°çãã¢ãïŒ
ãã¿ã€ã«ããçŠé³æž 11:23ããããã«ãããŠã ããããŸãã¯å€©ã«ãŸã§äžããããããšã§ãããã®ããé»æ³ã«ãŸã§èœãããã§ããããã
ãã¿ã€ 16:18
ã«ã«ã«ããçŠé³æž 10:15ã16:23
䜿åŸè¡äŒ 2:27
䜿åŸè¡äŒ 2:31ãããªã¹ãã®åŸ©æŽ»ããããããç¥ã£ãŠãã圌ã¯é»æ³ã«æšãŠããããããšããªãããŸããã®èäœãæœã¡æãŠãããšããªãããšèªã£ãã®ã§ãããã
ãšããã®é»ç€ºé² 1:18ã6:8
ãšããã®é»ç€ºé² 20:13ãæµ·ã¯ãã®äžã«ããæ»äººãåºããæ»ãé»æ³ããã®äžã«ããæ»äººãåºãããããŠããã®ãã®ãã®ãããã«å¿ããŠããã°ããåããã ã
ãšããã®é»ç€ºé² 20:14ããããããæ»ãé»æ³ãç«ã®æ± ã«æã蟌ãŸããããã®ç«ã®æ± ã第äºã®æ»ã§ããã ã
[å¿åãã]
æ°žé ã®å°çãåçœããŠããã
ã ãããã©ããïŒ
ãªãã ã£ãïŒ
ã ãªã§ãããã£ãŠã®æµãããã貌ã£ããããŠãããã§ããïŒ
çåºã«ã
[å¿åãã]
ããã
éå ±
ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã©ã³ãã³ã°
ãããã¯äžèŠ§
人äº
ãããã¿
ãã¬ã¹ãªãªãŒã¹
ããžã¥ã¢ã«ããŒã¿
åç
æ å
瀟説
çµæžææšã»çµ±èš
話é¡ã®ãããã¯
Googleå
¬åå§ æ»é²
ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã»ããã¹è¡çª
å°æ補è¬ãçŽ
麹ãåé¡
æ¥ç±³éŠè³äŒè«
èªæ°æ¿æ²»è³éåé¡
è³äžã2024
米倧統é éž2024
ç§ã®å±¥æŽæž
æ¥çµã¹ã¯ãŒã
åºç€ããæ¥çµ
éå ±
ããžãã¹
ããŒã±ãã
çµæž
åœé
ãªãããªã³
ãã£ãšèŠã
#Googleå
¬åå§ æ»é²
#ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã»ããã¹è¡çª
åšæ¥ç±³è»é§ççµè²»ãšã¯ãæ¥æ¬è² æ
ããã€ãã»éåœããéã
ãããã®ããšã°
åç±³
2021幎11æ19æ¥ 2:00
æ²çžã®ç±³è»åæçŽåºå°
âŒåšæ¥ç±³è»é§ççµè²»ãåšæ¥ç±³è»ã®éå¶ãç¶æã«ãããè²»çšã®äžéšãæ¥æ¬åŽãè² æ
ããŠããã1978幎ã«åé«ã®é²è¡ãåããŠåšæ¥ç±³è»ã®åŽåè²»ã®äžéšãæ¥æ¬ãè©ä»£ããããã®ããã£ããã ãåœæã®éäžžä¿¡é²è¡åºé·å®ãåœäŒã§è³ªåãããéã«ãæãããããã£ãŠãããããšçåŒããããšãããæãããäºç®ããšãåŒã°ããã
æ¥ç±³å°äœåå®ã§åšæ¥ç±³è»ã®è²»çšã¯ååãšããŠç±³åŽãè² æ
ããããšã«ãªã£ãŠãããåœåã¯åºå°ã§åãæ¥æ¬äººã®çŠå©è²»ãæ¥æ¬åŽãæ åºããŠããããã®åŸãæ¥æ¬äººåŸæ¥å¡ãžã®æåœãåºæ¬çµŠãåºå°ã®å
ç±è²»ãæ¥æ¬ãæãããã«ãªãã96幎床ããã¯ç±³è»ãæ¥æ¬åœå
ã§å®æœããèšç·Žãå¥ã®å°åã«ç§»è»¢ãããè²»çšãªã©ãæ¥æ¬ãè² ã£ãŠããã
ç±³åŽã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ãããªãè² æ
å¢ãæ±ããŠãããç±³åœé²ç·çã2004幎ã«çºè¡šããç±³è»çµè²»ã®åœå¥è² æ
ã¯æ¥æ¬ã74%ã ã£ããéåœã®40%ããã€ãã®32%ãšæ¯ã¹ããšçªåºããŠå€ãã£ããé²è¡çã®è©Šç®ã«ãããšã15幎床ã«æ¥æ¬åŽãè² æ
ããå²åã¯86%ã«ã®ãŒãæ¥æ¬ã®è² æ
ã¯éããããšã®ææã¯ããã
ãé¢é£èšäºã
ã»æ¿åºãåšæ¥ç±³è»è² æ
ãå¢é¡ãžãå
±åèšç·Žãªã©ãžã®å
åœèŠè«
ã»é²è¡è²»ãè£æ£ã§æ倧ã®7000ååè¶
èšäžãžãåšææ©ãªã©ååŸ
ã»æãããäºç®ã7幎ã§9%å¢ãããŒã¯ããã¯3å²æž
[å¿åãã]
ãDysonããšã¯ã©ãããæå³ã§ããïŒ
ããã€ãœã³ããïŒdoing a DysonïŒãã¯äºéãã®æå³ãæã€ã äžã€ã¯ãæé€æ©ãããããã§ããã ãŸã å®éã«ãã䜿ãããŠã¯ããªãããã ãããã€ãœã³æ°ã®å€¢ã¯ããã€ãœã³ãšããåèªãæé€æ©ã®é称ã«ãªãããšããªã®ã§ããã2006/03/01
ãã€ãœã³æ¬äººã«èããhow to do a Dysonã
nikkei.com
[JDI]
å
¬ç財å£æ³äºº
詳现ã¯ãå
¬çæ³äººããåç
§
äžè¬ç€Ÿå£ã»è²¡å£æ³äººæ³ã«åºã¥ããŠèšç«ãããäžè¬è²¡å£æ³äººã§ãå
¬çæ³äººèªå®æ³ã«åºã¥ããŠå
¬çæ§ãèªå®ããã財å£æ³äººãå
¬ç財å£æ³äººãšããã
ç¬ç«ããåè°å¶æ©é¢ã®çç³ã«åºã¥ããŠå
é£ç·ç倧è£åã¯éœéåºçç¥äºã®èªå®ãå¿
èŠãšãªããç¹å®å
¬çå¢é²æ³äººã®äžã€ãšããŠäžå®ã®èŠä»¶ãæºããå¯ééã¯ãçšé¡æ§é€ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãã
[å¿åãã]
ã¯ãªã¹ãã¹ã€ããã°ãªã³ãŒïŒ
[å¿åãã]